#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

// This program illustrates the use of Peterson's algorithm to synchronize
// multiple threads.Two new threads are created and alternate writing to the
// standard output.
//
// The key difference between Peterson's algorithm and strict alternation is
// the inclusion of flags indicating whether a thread is ready to enter the
// critical section.

// This function is taken from `~/.local/src/dwm/util.c`.
//
// Print the error message and `perror` if the message ends in `':'`. Assumes
// `fmt` is not `NULL`.
void die(const char* fmt, ...) {
  va_list ap;

  va_start(ap, fmt);
  vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
  va_end(ap);

  // Following Unix convention (see `man perror`), first check if the string is
  // not empty.
  if(fmt[0] && fmt[strlen(fmt) - 1] == ':') {
    fputc(' ', stderr);
    perror(NULL);
  } else {
    fputc('\n', stderr);
  }

  exit(0);
}

// The `turn` variable indicates which thread should enter the critical
// section. Unlike strict alternation, the `turn` variable is set _before_
// entering the critical section.
//
// Note that globally-scoped variables are initialized to zero.
int turn;
int flag[2];

void* f0(void* arg) {
  while(1) {
    // Signal that this thread wants to enter the critical section.
    flag[0] = 1;
    // Signal to the other thread that it is their turn.
    turn = 1;
    while(flag[1] && turn == 1);
    puts("hello");
    flag[0] = 0;
    sleep(1);
  }
}

void* f1(void* arg) {
  while(1) {
    flag[1] = 1;
    turn = 0;
    while(flag[0] && turn == 0);
    puts("world");
    flag[1] = 0;
    sleep(1);
  }
}

int main(void) {
  // A POSIX thread has two main components: an object of type `pthread_t`
  // which represents the thread and a function pointer of type
  // `void* (*)(void*)` which will be the entry point of the thread.
  pthread_t t0, t1;

  // Creates new threads. The second argument is a pointer to a
  // `pthread_attr_t`, if `NULL` the thread is created with default attributes.
  // The last argument is the argument that is given to the thread's entry
  // point function, unused in this example.
  if(pthread_create(&t0, NULL, f0, NULL)) die("unable to create thread");
  if(pthread_create(&t1, NULL, f1, NULL)) die("unable to create thread");

  // Yes, I could have just created one thread.
  while(1);
}