\section{Data Structures}
\label{sec:datastruct}
%\ifthenelse{\boolean{mtc}}{\minitoc}{}

In this chapter we  illustrate the  data structures used for definition of
routines interfaces. They  include data structures for sparse matrices,
communication descriptors and preconditioners.%%  These data structures
%% are used for calling PSBLAS routines in Fortran~90 language and will
%% be used to next chapters containing these callings.  

All the data types and the basic subroutine interfaces are defined in
the module \verb|psb_base_mod|; this will have to be included by every
user subroutine that makes use of the library. 



\subsection{Descriptor data structure}
\label{sec:desc}
All the general matrix informations and elements to be
exchanged among processes are stored within a data structure of the
type \hypertarget{descdata}{{\tt psb\_desc\_type}}. 
Every structure of this type is associated to a sparse matrix, it
contains data about general matrix informations and elements to be
exchanged among processes.  

It is not necessary for the user to know the internal structure of
\verb|psb_desc_type|, it is set in a transparent mode by the tools
routines of Sec.~\ref{sec:toolsrout}, and its fields may be accessed
if necessary via  the routines of sec.~\ref{sec:dataquery};
nevertheless we include a  description for the curious 
reader:   
\begin{description}
\item[{\bf matrix\_data}] includes general information about matrix and
process grid, such as the communication context, the size of the
global matrix, the size of the portion of matrix stored on the current
process, and so on. %% More precisely:
%% \begin{description}
%% \item[matrix\_data[psb\_dec\_type\_\hbox{]}] Identifies the decomposition type
%% (global); the actual values are internally defined, so they should
%% never be accessed directly.
%% \item[matrix\_data[psb\_ctxt\_\hbox{]}] Communication context
%%   associated with the processes comprised in the virtual parallel
%%   machine (global).
%% \item[matrix\_data[psb\_m\_\hbox{]}] Total number of equations (global).
%% \item[matrix\_data[psb\_n\_\hbox{]}] Total number of variables (global).
%% \item[matrix\_data[psb\_n\_row\_\hbox{]}] Number of grid variables owned by the
%% current process (local); equivalent to the number of local rows in the
%% sparse coefficient matrix.
%% \item[matrix\_data[psb\_n\_col\_\hbox{]}] Total number of grid variables read by the
%% current process (local); equivalent to the number of local columns in
%% the sparse coefficient matrix. They include the halo.
%% \end{description}
Specified as: an allocatable integer array of dimension \verb|psb_mdata_size_|.
\item[{\bf halo\_index}] A list of the halo and boundary elements for
the current process to be exchanged with other processes; for each
processes with which it is necessary to communicate:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Process identifier;
\item Number of points to be received;
\item Indices of points to be received;
\item Number of points to be sent;
\item Indices of points to be sent;
\end{enumerate}
The list may contain an arbitrary number of groups; its end is marked
by a -1.\\
Specified as: an allocatable integer array of rank one.
\item[{\bf ext\_index}] A list of element indices to be exchanged to
  implement the mapping between a base descriptor and a descriptor
  with overlap. 
\item [{\bf ovrlap\_index}] A list of the overlap elements for the
current process, organized in groups like the previous vector:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Process identifier;
\item Number of points to be received;
\item Indices of points to be received;
\item Number of points to be sent;
\item Indices of points to be sent;
\end{enumerate}
The list may contain an arbitrary number of groups; its end is marked
by a -1.\\
Specified as: an allocatable integer array  of rank one.
\item [{\bf ovrlap\_elem}] For all overlap points belonging to th
ecurrent process:
\begin{enumerate}
\item  Overlap point index;
\item  Number of processes sharing that overlap points;
\end{enumerate}
The list may contain an arbitrary number of groups; its end is marked
by a -1.\\
Specified as: an allocatable integer array of rank one.
\item[{\bf loc\_to\_glob}] each element $i$ of this array contains
global identifier of the local variable $i$.\\
Specified as: an allocatable integer array of rank one.
\item[{\bf glob\_to\_loc, glb\_lc, hashv}] Contain a mapping from
  global to local indices. The mapping may be stored in two different
  formats depending on the size of the index space. 
\end{description}
The Fortran95 definition  for \verb|psb_desc_type| structures is 
as follows:
\begin{figure}[h!]
  \begin{Sbox}
    \begin{minipage}[tl]{0.9\textwidth}
\begin{verbatim} 
type psb_desc_type 
   integer, allocatable :: matrix_data(:), halo_index(:)
   integer, allocatable :: ext_index(:)
   integer, allocatable :: overlap_elem(:), overlap_index(:)
   integer, allocatable :: loc_to_glob(:), glob_to_loc(:)
   integer, allocatable :: hashv(:), glb_lc(:,:)
end type psb_desc_type 
\end{verbatim}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{Sbox}
  \setlength{\fboxsep}{8pt}
  \begin{center}
    \fbox{\TheSbox}
  \end{center}
  \caption{\label{fig:desctype}The PSBLAS defined data type that
    contains the communication descriptor.}
\end{figure}

A communication descriptor associated with a sparse  matrix has a
state, which can take the following values:
\begin{description}
\item[Build:] State entered after the first allocation, and before the
  first assembly; in this state it is possible to add communication
  requirements among different processes. 
\item[Assembled:] State entered after the assembly; computations using
  the associated sparse matrix, such as matrix-vector products, are
  only possible   in this state.
\end{description}
\subsubsection{Named Constants}
\label{sec:cd_constants}
\begin{description}
\item[psb\_none\_] Generic no-op;
\item[psb\_nohalo\_]  Do not fetch halo elements;
\item[psb\_halo\_]  Fetch halo elements from neighbouring processes;
\item[psb\_sum\_] Sum overlapped elements
\item[psb\_avg\_] Average overlapped elements
%% \item[psb\_square\_root\_] Update with the square root of the average
%%   of overlapped elements;
%% \item[psb\_dec\_type\_] Entry holding decomposition type (in \verb|desc_a%matrix_data|)
%% \item[psb\_m\_] Entry holding total number of rows
%% \item[psb\_n\_] Entry holding total number of columns
%% \item[ psb\_n\_row\_] Entry holding the number of rows stored in the
%%   current process
%% \item[psb\_n\_col\_] Entry holding the number of columns stored in the
%%   current process
%% \item[psb\_ctxt\_] Entry holding a copy of the BLACS communication context
%% \item[psb\_desc\_asb\_] State of the descriptor: assembled,
%%       i.e. suitable for computational tasks. 
%% \item[psb\_desc\_bld\_] State of the descriptor: build, must be
%%   assembled before computational use.
\end{description}



\subsection{Sparse Matrix data structure}
\label{sec:spmat}
The \hypertarget{spdata}{{\tt psb\_spmat\_type}} data structure
contains all information about local portion of the sparse matrix and   
its storage mode. Most  of these fields are set  by the tools
routines when inserting a new sparse matrix; the user needs only
choose, if he/she so whishes, a specific matrix storage mode. \\
\begin{description}
\item[{\bf aspk}] Contains values of the local distributed sparse
matrix.\\
Specified as: an allocatable array of rank one of type corresponding
to matrix entries type.
\item[{\bf ia1}] Holds integer information on distributed sparse
matrix. Actual information will depend on data format used.\\
Specified as: an allocatable  integer array of rank one.
\item[{\bf ia2}] Holds integer information on distributed sparse
matrix. Actual information will depend on data format used.\\
Specified as: an allocatable  integer array of rank one.
\item[{\bf infoa}] On entry can hold auxiliary information on distributed sparse
matrix.  Actual information will depend on data format used.\\
Specified as: an integer array of length \verb|psb_ifasize_|.
\item[{\bf fida}] Defines the format of the distributed sparse matrix.\\
Specified as: a string of length 5
\item[{\bf descra}] Describe the characteristic of the distributed sparse matrix.\\
Specified as: array of character of length 9.
\item[{\bf pl}] Specifies the local row permutation of distributed sparse
matrix. If pl(1) is equal to 0, then there isn't row permutation.\\
Specified as: an allocatable integer array of dimension equal to number of local row (matrix\_data[psb\_n\_row\_\hbox{]})
\item[{\bf pr}] Specifies the local column permutation of distributed sparse
matrix. If PR(1) is equal to 0, then there isn't columnm permutation.\\
Specified as: an allocatable integer array of dimension equal to number of
local row (matrix\_data[psb\_n\_col\_\hbox{]})
\item[{\bf m}] Number of rows; if row indices are stored explicitly,
as in Coordinate Storage, should be greater than or equal to the
maximum row index actually present in the sparse matrix.
Specified as: integer variable.
\item[{\bf k}] Number of columns; if column indices are stored explicitly,
as in Coordinate Storage or Compressed Sparse Rows, should be greater
than or equal to the maximum column  index actually present in the sparse matrix.
Specified as: integer variable.
\end{description}
FORTRAN95 interface for distributed sparse matrices containing double precision
real entries is defined as in figure~\ref{fig:spmattype}.
\begin{figure}[h!]
  \begin{Sbox}
    \begin{minipage}[tl]{0.85\textwidth}
\begin{verbatim}
type psb_dspmat_type
   integer     :: m, k
   character   :: fida(5)
   character   :: descra(10)
   integer     :: infoa(psb_ifa_size_)
   real(kind(1.d0)), allocatable :: aspk(:)
   integer, allocatable :: ia1(:), ia2(:)
   integer, allocatable :: pr(:), pl(:)
end type psb_dspmat_type
\end{verbatim}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{Sbox}
  \setlength{\fboxsep}{8pt}
  \begin{center}
    \fbox{\TheSbox}
  \end{center}
  \caption{\label{fig:spmattype} 
    The PSBLAS defined data type that
    contains a sparse matrix.} 
\end{figure}

The following two cases are among the most commonly used: 
\begin{description}
\item[fida=``CSR''] Compressed storage by rows. In this case the
following should hold: 
\begin{enumerate}
\item \verb|ia2(i)| contains the index of the first element of row
\verb|i|; the last element of the sparse matrix is thus stored at
index $ia2(m+1)-1$. It should contain \verb|m+1| entries in
nondecreasing order (strictly increasing, if there are no empty rows).
\item \verb|ia1(j)| contains the column index and \verb|aspk(j)|
contains the corresponding coefficient value, for all $ia2(1) \le j
\le ia2(m+1)-1$.
\end{enumerate}
\item[fida=``COO''] Coordinate storage. In this case the following
should hold: 
\begin{enumerate}
\item \verb|infoa(1)| contains the number of nonzero elements in the
matrix; 
\item For all $1 \le j \le infoa(1)$, the coefficient, row index and
column index are stored into \verb|apsk(j)|, \verb|ia1(j)| and
\verb|ia2(j)| respectively. 
\end{enumerate}
\end{description}
A sparse matrix has an associated state, which can take the following
values:
\begin{description}
\item[Build:] State entered after the first allocation, and before the
  first assembly; in this state it is possible to add nonzero entries.
\item[Assembled:] State entered after the assembly; computations using
  the sparse matrix, such as matrix-vector products, are only possible
  in this state;
\item[Update:] State entered after a reinitalization; this is used to
  handle applications in which the same sparsity pattern is used
  multiple times with different coefficients. In this state it is only
  possible to enter coefficients for already existing nonzero entries.
\end{description}
\subsubsection{Named Constants}
\label{sec:sp_constants}
\begin{description}
%% \item[psb\_nztotreq\_] Request to fetch the total number of nonzeroes
%%   stored in a sparse matrix
%% \item[psb\_nzrowreq\_] Request to fetch the number of nonzeroes in a
%%   given row in a sparse matrix
\item[psb\_dupl\_ovwrt\_] Duplicate coefficients should be overwritten
  (i.e. ignore duplications)
\item[psb\_dupl\_add\_] Duplicate coefficients should be added;	         
\item[psb\_dupl\_err\_] Duplicate coefficients should trigger an error conditino
\item[psb\_upd\_dflt\_] Default update strategy for matrix coefficients;
\item[psb\_upd\_srch\_] Update strategy based on search into the data structure;
\item[psb\_upd\_perm\_] Update strategy based on additional
  permutation data (see tools routine description).
\end{description}



\subsection{Preconditioner data structure}
\label{sec:prec}
Our base library  offers support for  simple well known preconditioners
like Diagonal Scaling or Block Jacobi with incomplete
factorization ILU(0). 

 A preconditioner is held in the \hypertarget{precdata}{{\tt
    psb\_prec\_type}} data structure reported in 
figure~\ref{fig:prectype}. The \verb|psb_prec_type| 
data type may contain a simple preconditioning matrix with the
associated communication descriptor.%%  which may be different than the
%% system communication descriptor in the case of parallel
%% preconditioners like the Additive Schwarz one. Then the
%% \verb|psb_prec_type| may contain more than one preconditioning matrix
%% like in the case of Two-Level (in general Multi-Level) preconditioners.
%% The user can choose the type of preconditioner to be used by means of
%% the \verb|psb_precset| subroutine; once the type of preconditioning
%% method is specified, along with all the parameters that characterize
%% it, the preconditioner data structure can be built using the
%% \verb|psb_precbld| subroutine.
%% This data structure wants to be flexible enough to easily allow the
%% implementation of new kind of preconditioners.
The values contained in
the \verb|iprcparm| and \verb|dprcparm| define tha type of
preconditioner along with all the parameters related to it; thus,
\verb|iprcparm| and \verb|dprcparm| define how the other records have
to be interpreted. This data structure is the basis of ore complex
preconditioning strategies, which are the subject of further
research. 
\begin{figure}[h!]
  \small
  \begin{Sbox}
    \begin{minipage}[tl]{0.9\textwidth}
\begin{verbatim}

  type psb_dprec_type
    type(psb_dspmat_type), allocatable :: av(:) 
    real(kind(1.d0)), allocatable      :: d(:)  
    type(psb_desc_type)                :: desc_data 
    integer, allocatable               :: iprcparm(:) 
    real(kind(1.d0)), allocatable      :: dprcparm(:) 
    integer, allocatable               :: perm(:),  invperm(:) 
    integer                       :: prec, base_prec
  end type psb_dprec_type

\end{verbatim}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{Sbox}
  \setlength{\fboxsep}{8pt}
  \begin{center}
    \fbox{\TheSbox}
  \end{center}
  \caption{\label{fig:prectype}The PSBLAS defined data type that contains a preconditioner.}
\end{figure}

%% \subsection{Named Constants}
%% \label{sec:prec_constants}
%% \begin{description}
%% \item[f\_ilu\_n\_] Incomplete LU factorization with $n$ levels of
%%   fill-in; currently only $n=0$ is implemented;
%% \item[f\_slu\_]  Sparse factorization using SuperLU;
%% \item[f\_umf\_]  Sparse factorization using UMFPACK;
%% \item[add\_ml\_prec\_] Additive multilevel correction;
%% \item[mult\_ml\_prec\_] Multiplicative multilevel correction;
%% \item[pre\_smooth\_] Pre-smoothing in applying multiplicative
%%   multilevel corrections;
%% \item[post\_smooth\_] Post-smoothing in applying multiplicative
%%   multilevel corrections;
%% \item[smooth\_both\_] Two-sided (i.e. symmetric) smoothing in applying multiplicative
%%   multilevel corrections;
%% \item[mat\_distr\_] Coarse matrix distributed among processes
%% \item[mat\_repl\_] Coarse matrix replicated among processes
%% \end{description}


\subsection{Data structure query routines}
\label{sec:dataquery}
\subsubroutine{psb\_cd\_get\_local\_rows}{Get number of local rows}

\syntax{nr = psb\_cd\_get\_local\_rows}{desc}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[desc] the communication descriptor.\\
Scope: {\bf local}.\\
Type: {\bf required}.\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \descdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The number of local rows, i.e. the number of
  rows owned by the current process; as explained in~\ref{sec:intro},
  it is equal to $|{\cal I}_i| + |{\cal B}_i|$. The returned value is
  specific to the calling process. 
\end{description}


\subsubroutine{psb\_cd\_get\_local\_cols}{Get number of local cols}

\syntax{nc = psb\_cd\_get\_local\_cols}{desc}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[desc] the communication descriptor.\\
Scope: {\bf local}.\\
Type: {\bf required}.\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \descdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The number of local cols, i.e. the number of
  indices used by the current process, including both local and halo
  indices; as explained in~\ref{sec:intro}, 
  it is equal to  $|{\cal I}_i| + |{\cal B}_i| +|{\cal H}_i|$. The
  returned value is specific to the calling process. 
\end{description}


\subsubroutine{psb\_cd\_get\_global\_rows}{Get number of global rows}

\syntax{nr = psb\_cd\_get\_global\_rows}{desc}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[desc] the communication descriptor.\\
Scope: {\bf local}.\\
Type: {\bf required}.\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \descdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The number of global rows in the mesh
\end{description}

\subsubroutine{psb\_cd\_get\_global\_cols}{Get number of global cols}

\syntax{nr = psb\_cd\_get\_global\_cols}{desc}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[desc] the communication descriptor.\\
Scope: {\bf local}.\\
Type: {\bf required}.\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \descdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The number of global cols in the mesh
\end{description}


\subsubroutine{psb\_cd\_get\_context}{Get communication context}
\syntax{ictxt = psb\_cd\_get\_context}{desc}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[desc] the communication descriptor.\\
Scope: {\bf local}.\\
Type: {\bf required}.\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \descdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The communication context.
\end{description}



\subsubroutine{psb\_sp\_get\_nrows}{Get number of  rows in a sparse matrix}

\syntax{nr = psb\_sp\_get\_nrows}{a}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[a] the sparse matrix\\
Scope: {\bf local}\\
Type: {\bf required}\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \spdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The number of  rows  of sparse matrix \verb|a|.
\end{description}


\subsubroutine{psb\_sp\_get\_ncols}{Get number of  columns in a sparse matrix}

\syntax{nr = psb\_sp\_get\_ncols}{a}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[a] the sparse matrix\\
Scope: {\bf local}\\
Type: {\bf required}\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \spdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The number of  columns  of sparse matrix \verb|a|.
\end{description}


\subsubroutine{psb\_sp\_get\_nnzeros}{Get number of nonzero elements in a sparse matrix}

\syntax{nr = psb\_sp\_get\_nnzeros}{a}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Entry]
\item[a] the sparse matrix\\
Scope: {\bf local}\\
Type: {\bf required}\\
Intent: {\bf in}.\\
Specified as: a structured data of type \spdata.
\end{description}

\begin{description}
\item[\bf On Return]
\item[Function value] The number of nonzero elements stored in sparse matrix \verb|a|.
\end{description}

\subsubsection*{Notes}
\begin{enumerate}
\item The function value is specific to the storage format of matrix
  \verb|a|; some storage formats employ padding, thus the returned
  value for the same matrix may be different for different storage choices.
\end{enumerate}


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